En este artículo se parte de la distinción aristotélica de cuatro formas fundamentales de acción: enérgeia-kínesis (de la Metafísica) y praxis—poiesis (de la Ética) y de las aportaciones de L. Polo en sus obras de Teoría del Conocimiento y de Ética, especialmente, de sus conceptos de operación inmanente y movimiento transitivo, para establecer una tipología con las cuatro formas fundamentales de un dinamismo: proceso (kinesis), operación (enérgeia), acción (praxis) y producción (poiesis).

Desde la actual teoría general de la acción se han levantado objeciones contra la validez como saber transcendental de la critica de la razón práctica. Se la acusa de haber deducido la libertad del "faktum" moral en vez de deducir la moralidad de una libertad moralmente neutra y transcendentalmente ya asentada en el desarrollo critico teórico. Un estudio atento a la obra revela, sin embargo, que en ella no se abandona la "reflexión" crítica y es justamente por ello que la (...) moralidad puede entenderse como la doctrina transcendental de la libertad. (shrink)

This article explores links between the modern theory of rational choice and ethics. Ethics allows us to answer an unsolved question in modern decision theory: the structuring problem in decisions. Such a problem cannot be solved coming from the principle of expected utility. This principle can solve the problem of ‚choosing’ among given alternatives, but does not establish which alternatives should be taken into account in decision. In order to understand the structuring problem, the act of ‚choosing’ has to be (...) completed with three human acts: operating, predicting and evaluating. At the same time, the subjective criteria of rational choice – probability and utility – have to be completed with three objective criteria: efficiency, truth and goodness. Utility is a subjective value of an alternative considered in relation to another. Efficiency, truth and goodness are objective qualities of the joint alternatives in relation to the reality: the real operating possibilities of the agent, the real possibilities of his environment and the true good produced. So, the rule that guarantees a decision to be optimal would be: “do that which most certainly maximises our preferences, according to real operative resources, true knowledge and the right will”. However, this rule cannot be applied without the development of virtues, which could be seen as the main moral competences in decision-making. (shrink)

This article is a conceptual contribution on how to make human habitat more sustainable. Taking Heidegger’s conception of “dwelling” as a starting point, a new form of understanding the organization of the city as a human habitat is proposed. It is argued that human habitat is today in crisis and that such crisis has its roots in a spatial understanding of human dwelling, disregarding its temporal-historical dimension. For long time, the city has been considered as a physical “place” and its (...) organization—the urban planning—has been addressed in terms of “locating”. Many of the challenges in organizing habitat are the result of reducing the organization of the city to the organization of physical space. One of these is the conflict between preservation and development, a central issue in approaching sustainability. The aim of this article is to propose a new perspective on the organization of human dwelling, which overcomes the spatial-based conception of habitat and involves its temporal dimension. The meaning of human “habitat” as a historical process for developing “habits” will be recovered, and the implications for organization of the city considered. Human habitat is above all an ethical space, constituted in a spatial–temporal process of developing learning and capabilities. This habitat can be shared and developed infinitely so that a pathway is opened for overcoming the logic of competition and the conflict between sustainability and development. Finally, three forms of the human habitat as an “ethical space” are proposed. (shrink)

There is both individual and collective widespread concern in society about the impact of human activity and the effects of our decisions on the physical and social environment. This concern is included within the idea of sustainability. The meaning of the concept is still ambiguous and its practical effectiveness disputed. Like many other authors, this article uses as a starting point the definition proposed by the World Commission on Environment and Development, considering it to be a proposal for changing the (...) assessment of the effects of decisions, from at least two perspectives: what effects we should consider and how we should assess them. Based on this double perspective, sustainability is explored as a method for decision-making which both expands the assessment of the consequences, and also provides an objective criterion for such assessment. It will be argued that the idea of sustainability, seen from this perspective, brings to decision-making two qualities which had been partially lost: realism and impartiality. In turn, the criteria for realism and impartiality in decision-making can be used to identify the limitations of some partial approaches to sustainability, which suffer from insufficient realism, insufficient impartiality or both phenomena at once. The article concludes by demonstrating how realism and impartiality provide the basis for a new form of sustainable decision-making, which is dependent on the development of two moral virtues, prudence and benevolence, and which brings practical effectiveness and ethical sense to the concept of sustainability. (shrink)

This article is a reflection on human habitat taking-off from a sentence by Millán Puelles: "Animals do not have problems with shelter, human beings do". A manner of overcoming the "philosophy of uprootment", apparently supported by the crisis of the city, is proposed. Such a crisis responds to two errors latent in the conception of human space. The first one is to be found in the notion of space in use; the second, in the wrong usage of the means-end model (...) in the relationship between spatial organization and human habitat. The solution to such a crisis lies in the recognition that spatial organization (habitat) above all consists in the construction of modes of living. (shrink)

The present paper examines the relationship between explicit and implicit memory and ultimate attainment in the native language. Two groups of native speakers of English with different levels of academic attainment (i.e., high vs. low) took part in three language tasks which assessed grammar, vocabulary and collocational knowledge, as well as phonological short-term memory (assessed using a forward digit-span task), explicit associative memory (assessed using a paired-associates task) and implicit memory (assessed using a deterministic serial reaction time task). Results revealed (...) strong relationships between phonological short-term memory and explicit associative memory on the one hand and the three language tasks on the other hand, and no relation between linguistic performance and implicit memory. Taken together, these results cast doubts on the common assumption that L1 grammar learning depends almost entirely on implicit memory and align with the claims of usage-based models of language acquisition that grammatical and lexical knowledge depend on the same cognitive mechanisms. (shrink)

In the context of the end of life, many authors point out how the experience of identity is crucial for the well-being of patients with advanced disease. They define this identity in terms of autonomy, control, or dependence, associating these concepts with the sense of personal dignity. From the perspective of the phenomenology of embodiment, Kay Toombs and other authors have investigated the ways disease can impact on the subjective world of patients and have stressed that a consideration of this (...) personal world can promote understanding and recognition of their experience. Based on the findings of qualitative studies of the perception of dignity and autonomy in patients at the end of life, this analysis assesses concepts such as being-in-the-world in illness, embodiment, lived body versus objective body or the gaze of the other from a Toombsian phenomenological perspective. (shrink)

It is not uncommon for patients with advanced disease to express a wish to hasten death. Qualitative studies of the WTHD have found that such a wish may have different meanings, none of which can be understood outside of the patient’s personal and sociocultural background, or which necessarily imply taking concrete steps to ending one’s life. The starting point for the present study was a previous systematic review of qualitative studies of the WTHD in advanced patients. Here we analyse in (...) greater detail the statements made by patients included in that review in order to examine their moral understandings and representations of illness, the dying process and death. We identify and discuss four classes of assumptions: assumptions related to patients’ moral understandings in terms of dignity, autonomy and authenticity; assumptions related to social interactions; assumptions related to the value of life; and assumptions related to medicalisation as an overarching context within which the WTHD is expressed. Our analysis shows how a philosophical perspective can add to an understanding of the WTHD by taking into account cultural and anthropological aspects of the phenomenon. We conclude that the knowledge gained through exploring patients’ experience and moral understandings in the end-of-life context may serve as the basis for care plans and interventions that can help them experience their final days as a meaningful period of life, restoring some sense of personal dignity in those patients who feel this has been lost. (shrink)

À la page 150 de Matière et Mémoire, Bergson dit déjà du « virtuel » qu’il serait vain de vouloir « chercher l’obscurité sous la lumière ». Il reprend et précise cette idée trente ans plus tard. Promenons « l’idée radicalement neuve » qui « capte plus ou moins une intuition », nous la verrons « elle, obscure, dissiper des obscurités ». Par elle, des problèmes jugés insolubles « vont se dissoudre ». Ainsi « intellectualisée », cette lanterne bergsonie...

En el presente artículo se discute críticamente el alcance axiológico de la "hermenéutica analógica" de Mauricio Beuchot. Para ello se expone en primer lugar el fundamento ontológico sobre el que se sustenta su propuesta hermenéutica, para luego proceder a una clarificación de su traslación al campo axiológico y de sus problemas. Una vez ponderado y discutido críticamente su planteamiento, en un tercer momento se deducen los principios aporéticos que se vislumbran en los intentos de resolución analógica de los dilemas éticos. (...) El telón de fondo de toda la problemática no es otro que el de la insoslayable finitud primera que constituye la realidad ontológica humana y su capital influencia en el planteamiento fundamental de la cuestión ética. (shrink)

This article reports on ethnographic research into the practical and ethical consequences of the implementation and use of telecare devices for older people living at home in Spain and the United Kingdom. Telecare services are said to allow the maintenance of their users’ autonomy through connectedness, relieving the isolation from which many older people suffer amid rising demands for care. However, engaging with Science and Technology Studies literature on “user configuration” and implementation processes, we argue here that neither services nor (...) users preexist the installation of the service: they are better described as produced along with it. Moving beyond design and appropriation practices, our contribution stresses the importance of installations as specific moments where such emplacements take place. Using Etienne Souriau’s concept of instauration, we describe the ways in which, through installation work, telecare services “bring into existence” their very infrastructure of usership. Hence, both services and telecare users are effects of fulfilling the “felicity conditions” of an achieved installation. (shrink)

Freezers with biospecimen deposits became biobanks and later were networked at the pan-European level in 2013 under the Biobanking and BioMolecular Resources Research Infrastructure—European Research Infrastructure Consortium (BBMRI-ERIC). Drawing on document analysis about the BBMRI-ERIC and multi-sited fieldwork with biobankers in Spain from a science and technology studies approach, we explore what biobanks are expected to do and become under the BBMRI-ERIC framework, and how infrastructural transitions promote particular transformations in biobanking practices. The primary purpose of biobanks in Europe is (...) presented as being to become mediators in contemporary biomedical research (global sharing nodes) distribution, and distributed nodes of samples and their associated data. We argue that infrastructural transitions are complicated and heterogeneous, giving rise to unattended local concerns on adjusting their practices to fit into the BBMRI-ERIC framework, even for non-members, as the case of Spain illustrates, where “old practices” of collection and storage are questioned. In this article, we aim to encourage qualitative studies to explore the lags between pan-European policies and prospects, different contextual interpretations, and biobanking reconfigurations as an opportunity to explore what that lag is made of (e.g. tensions with “old practices,” unresolved conflicts with the national agendas, reservations on a possible centralization of the biobanking practices by regional biobanks, lack of funding, etc.). Such research could enrich not only policy guidance, but also the understanding of technoscientific infrastructures’ scalability. (shrink)

Victor Hugo a soutenu : « Dieu, cela n’est pas tant que ce n’est pas en pierre / Il faut une maison pour mettre la prière. » L’histoire de l’incarnation christique suffit-elle à expliquer la place de la pierre dans l’imaginaire des sociétés culturellement issues du christianisme? En quoi l’Église – la communauté et l’institution nées de l’enseignement du Christ – poursuit-elle ce projet d’inscription de la chair dans la pierre? Dans quelle mesure la parole de Jésus à l’un de (...) ses apôtres, Pierre – « tu es Pierre et sur cette pierre je bâtirai mon Église » (Mt. xvi, 18) – est-elle fondatrice non seulement de la « pétrification » de l’Église, mais plus généralement du poids donné à l’architecture et au bâti dans les mille et une façons occidentales de penser la société et de faire communauté? (shrink)

Establishing phonologically robust lexical representations in a second language is challenging, and even more so for words containing phones in phonological contrasts that are not part of the native language. This study presents a series of additional analyses of lexical decision data assessing the phonolexical encoding of English /ε/ and /æ/ by German learners of English in order to examine the influence of lexical frequency, phonological neighborhood density and the acoustics of the particular vowels on learners’ ability to reject nonwords (...) differing from real words in the confusable L2 phones only. Results showed that both the lexical properties of the target items and the acoustics of the critical vowels affected nonword rejection, albeit differently for items with /æ/ → [ε] and /ε/ → [æ] mispronunciations: For the former, lower lexical frequencies and higher neighborhood densities led to more accurate performance. For the latter, it was only the acoustics of the vowel that had a significant impact on learners’ accuracy. This suggests that the encoding of /ε/ and /æ/ may not only be asymmetric in that /ε/ is generally more robustly represented in the lexicon than /æ/, as previously reported, but also in the way in which this encoding takes place. Mainly, the encoding of /æ/ appears to be more dependent on the characteristics of the L2 vocabulary and on one’s experience with the L2 than that of its more dominant counterpart. (shrink)

Alors que les discours de la constance se multiplient et dominent l'espace littéraire et philosophique de la fin de la Renaissance, les Essais insistent sur l'inconstance des hommes et de l'univers. Cette insistance à propos de l'inconstance ne vise pourtant pas à la condamner, mais à critiquer les idéaux de la philosophie et de la religion ainsi qu'à constituer l'arrière-plan de la réflexion éthique de Montaigne, orientée vers la variété, la souplesse et l'indirection.

Este artículo estudia la relación entre bien y conocimiento en la República de Platón, en diálogo con la recepción de esta temática en la obra del filósofo Leonardo Polo. Para ello, se ofrece, en primer lugar, una reconstrucción de la lectura del bien platónico en la obra poliana a lo largo de los años 80 y 90. A continuación, y a partir de un análisis de los textos relevantes de la República, se discute la interpretación de Polo en lo que (...) respecta al acceso al bien y al tipo de causalidad del bien en relación con el conocimiento. El presente artículo propone una lectura alternativa que cuestiona la tesis poliana según la cual la doctrina aristotélica sobre el conocimiento como acto es radicalmente incompatible con la epistemología platónica. (shrink)

El presente artículo defiende que en _ Gorgias _ 521d Sócrates se atribuye a sí mismo una forma genuina de saber político. Para ello, se abordan los problemas planteados por la crítica reciente en lo que respecta a la aparente incompatibilidad de dicha atribución con (1) el reconocimiento explícito en _ Gorgias _ de no poseer un saber referido a lo justo, y (2) la aparente invalidez de la actividad desarrollada por Sócrates para contar, bajo los criterios que él mismo (...) establece en el _ Gorgias _, como efectivamente política. El trabajo responde a estas dificultades realizando un análisis del tipo de naturaleza que Sócrates atribuye a su propio saber en esta obra, así como de los efectos que su actividad dialógica demuestra ser capaz de producir sobre Calicles. De este modo, el artículo permite aclarar en qué sentido Sócrates es presentado en el _ Gorgias _ como el verdadero político. El presente artículo defiende que en _ Gorgias _ 521d Sócrates se atribuye a sí mismo una forma genuina de saber político. Para ello, se abordan los problemas planteados por la crítica reciente en lo que respecta a la aparente incompatibilidad de dicha atribución con (1) el reconocimiento explícito en _ Gorgias _ de no poseer un saber referido a lo justo, y (2) la aparente invalidez de la actividad desarrollada por Sócrates para contar, bajo los criterios que él mismo establece en el _ Gorgias _, como efectivamente política. El trabajo responde a estas dificultades realizando un análisis del tipo de naturaleza que Sócrates atribuye a su propio saber en esta obra, así como de los efectos que su actividad dialógica demuestra ser capaz de producir sobre Calicles. De este modo, el artículo permite aclarar en qué sentido Sócrates es presentado en el _ Gorgias _ como el verdadero político. (shrink)

Nous interrogeons le phénomène de la folie à la lumière de l’enseignement de Jacques Lacan. Elle a supposé une restitution de la dimension du sujet de la parole et du langage, ainsi que du sujet de la jouissance, dans un renversement éthique qui n’est repérable que dans l’expérience de la psychanalyse. Nous faisons un parcours des premiers textes de Lacan, lors de son passage de la psychiatrie à la psychanalyse, jusqu’aux conséquences repérables dans la dernière partie de son enseignement, où (...) les termes du « sinthome » et de « lalangue » permettent de replacer le sujet de la folie dans la structure. (shrink)

The study of the contrast between fundamental aspects of spatial and temporal awareness offers a good opportunity to bring to light the relation between philosophical and scientific theories of consciousness. In this paper we critically examine important work by Rick Grush on spatial and temporal experience, and we show that while there is a valid claim for the relevant neuroscientific model to be one that supports Gareth Evans's stance on "behavioral space", there is not at present any scientific model that (...) offers comparable support for philosophical theories of temporal experience, despite some claims by Grush that might suggest the contrary. Moreover, we argue that careful attention to the spatial case allows us to locate the point at which even relatively successful cases of neuroscientific modeling and explanation are left wanting when their aim is to show that phenomenal features of experience are a function of the representational structures produced by our neural information-processing machinery: an aim widely shared by the predominant programmatic stance in current neuroscience research. (shrink)

El propósito de este trabajo es caracterizar, desde diferentes puntos de vista, el grupo humano del estudiantado universitario que se vio afectado por la pandemia de la COVID-19. Para ello, en primer lugar, buscaremos qué rasgos distintivos comparten y trataremos de asignarles un nombre, letras y/o etiquetas distintivas. Y, en segundo lugar, analizaremos la posibilidad de poder catalogarlos como “generación”, con todo lo que ello implica. Para ello, sin embargo, deberemos establecer previamente qué es lo entendemos por “generación”.

Cet ouvrage est une reprise du livre publié chez Kimé en 2007 : Bergson ou l'imagination métaphysique. J'y introduis pourtant des changements assez importants. Il s'agit essentiellement de mettre en valeur le fait que Bergson n'est pas un simple philosophe de l'immanence. C'est un philosophe de l'immanence redoublée. Ce point apparaît clairement, explicitement à travers l'analogie entre la durée de la conscience et la durée de l'univers qu'il développe dans son ouvrage de 1907. Mais il trouve son origine dans le (...) premier chapitre de Matière et mémoire. C'est pour comprendre ce redoublement que se construit chez Bergson une nouvelle vision des relations entre la philosophie et la science. La connaissance n'est plus relative. Elle participe à l'absolu. Elle engage ontologiquement. Le donné n'est plus directement constitué, il faut pour que l'intuition philosophique le saisisse, qu'elle "chevauche l'intelligence". Enfin ce que ce redoublement engage, c'est une philosophie du devenir fondée sur la théorie des deux ordres. On ne commente souvent que l'aspect négatif de cette théorie : la critique de l'idée de néant. Là n'est pas pour nous le point le plus central. Cette théorie nous engage à ne plus penser l'absolu comme complet, intelligible, ou encore parfait. L'absolu, qu'il soit l'esprit, la vie ou la matière, est toujours défini par l'inachèvement, puisque ce qu'il n'est pas n'est jamais du rien. C'est un autre visage de lui-même. (shrink)

En primer lugar, la presente comunicación describe brevemente un suceso un tanto insólito: el que una página web haya puesto en jaque al considerado gobierno nacional más poderoso del mundo. En segundo lugar, se ofrece una posible perspectiva teórica para interpretar tal acontecimiento: la teoría de la opinión pública, principalmente desde su articulación en el seno de la Teoría Crítica de Jürgen Habermas. En tercer lugar, se evalúan someramente las luces y las sombras tanto de WikiLeaks como de Habermas mediante (...) la comparación crítica. En general, este trabajo se propone iniciar el análisis de las potencialidades de internet como herramienta y espacio en favor de la democracia y la emancipación de una ciudadanía participativa y no encerrada en sus clásicos límites estatales. (shrink)

Exposición correspondiente al acto de defensa de la Tesis Doctoral del Dr. Bordas Prószynski, intitulada El pensamiento político de Josep Torras i Bages, en la que se recorre el marco histórico-cultural de la Cataluña de finales del siglo xix y de comienzos del xx, para apreciar la aportación de la persona y de la obra de Josep Torras i Bages, obispo de Vic durante los años 1899 a 1916. El resultado de la investigación ofrece una síntesis de su pensamiento político, (...) especialmente por lo que se refiere a su doctrina regionalista, vindicando la tradición cristiana de Cataluña. (shrink)

The aim of being able to reason about quantities, time or space has been the main objective of the many efforts on the integration of propositional planning with extensions to handle different theories. Planning modulo theories are an approximation inspired by satisfiability modulo theories that generalize the integration of arbitrary theories with propositional planning. Parallel plans are crucial to reduce plan lengths and hence the time needed to reach a feasible plan in many approaches. Parallelization of actions relies on the (...) notion of interference, which is usually determined syntactically at compile time. In this paper we define a semantic notion of interference between actions in PMT. Apart from being strictly stronger than any syntactic notion of interference, we show how semantic interference can be easily and efficiently checked by calling an off-the-shelf SMT solver at compile time, constituting a technique orthogonal to the solving method. (shrink)

Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr (368/978-463/1071), uno de los mayores ulemas andalusíes del siglo V/XI, incluye un largo capítulo sobre los anwāʾ en su Kitāb al-Tamhīd, que se estudia, junto a textos afines, en sus dos aspectos fundamentales. En el plano literario, el capítulo contiene una especie de tratado de anwāʾ abreviado que constituye uno de los raros ejemplos de textos andalusíes relacionados con este género en la época de los taifas. En el plano religioso, el capítulo expresa un debate sobre la (...) licitud de los anwāʾ centrado en el hadiz transmitido por Ṣāliḥ ibn Kaysān que condena los anwāʾ en tanto que creencia preislámica. Por su tratamiento extenso y profundo del tema, el capítulo del Tamhīd es uno de los documentos que aporta un mayor conocimiento sobre el problema de fondo del sistema de los anwāʾ y la literatura derivada: su licitud teniendo en cuenta que se basa en una creencia pagana. El debate adquiere todo su sentido cuando se sitúa en una discusión más amplia, frecuente en el s. V/XI andalusi: el uso correcto de la astronomía, ya sea la astronomía matemática de origen griego o la astronomía popular árabe vinculada a los anwāʾ, en un contexto religioso, teniendo en cuenta la oposición a la astrología, considerada generalmente por los ulemas como una disciplina ilícita. (shrink)

Cet article essaie de montrer la maničre dont la méthode bergsonienne fonctionne sur un problčme concret: comment est-il possible de mesurer les sensations? Bergson explique qu’une sensation n’est pas un objet psychologique, puisque ce qu’elle est dépend de ce qu’elle nous fait. Alors elle n’est pas seulement représentée. Elle est vécue. Toute mesure des sensations ajoute un sentiment nouveau ŕ ce qui est mesuré . Ce sentiment spécifique n’est lié qu’ŕ la durée. Le premier objectif est de montrer que ce (...) vieux problčme épistémologique est toujours attrayant. Nous ne savons pas exactement comment mesurer les sensations, ni par une mesure additive, ni par une mesure ordinale. Mais nous voulons expliquer aussi comment l’intuition métaphysique fonctionne dans le premier livre de Bergson. Elle ne passe pas en premier. Elle vient toujours aprčs l’examen d’un problčme scientifique spécifique, car l’idée philosophique émerge toujours d’une maničre indirecte. Il est impossible alors d’affirmer avec Bergson que la science ne pense pas. Il importe juste de noter que la science ne pense pas seule. Elle a besoin de l’action critique de la philosophie. (shrink)

Ouvrage partagé en cinq chapitres: Sacré technique et techniques de sacralisation - Les techniques de la ruse - La ruse ontologique de la technique - Les ruses de la raison technicienne - Enigme et destin de la technique. Ce que les auteurs appellent "les ruses de la technique", c'est cette manière dont se déroule, "à travers l'histoire des civilisations humaines, le lent glissement de la technique d'un pôle sacré de transgression à un pôle sacré de l'ordre cosmique.".

Miquel Seguró Mendlewicz, in On Vulnerability, projects vulnerability as a condition of human life and the central concept to understand our existential position in the world. Using René Descartes works, Mendlewicz discusses the existential reality of vulnerability and it's integration into an ethical and political reality.

Studies that have explored the wish to hasten death (WTHD) in patients with advanced illness have found that the feeling of being a burden may trigger WTHD. Research suggests that both the feeling and the wish are indicators of multidimensional suffering whose meaning may depend on the patient's biographical background. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review and meta‐ethnography. Fourteen qualitative studies, reported in 16 articles, met the inclusion criteria. The analysis identified two themes: the personal and social dimensions that (...) could help to explain the feeling of being a burden in these patients. These dimensions reveal how this feeling is linked to physical, psychological/emotional, existential and social factors. The feeling of being a burden cannot be understood without considering patients’ personal interpretation of their dependency or care needs, and hence it is also necessary to understand their biographical background. Such an understanding is crucial to inform clinical policies based on the moral duty to provide all patients with humane care. (shrink)